Environment and climate

Annual figures from Geostat on seven pages. Greenhouse gases: emissions by sector and by gas, the land-use row and emissions per person, 2000–2022. Air pollution: eight pollutants, each from stationary and from mobile sources, 2013–2024. City air quality: 16 monitoring stations in 9 cities, each city on its own page, 2005–2025. Temperature and rain: Georgia, Tbilisi and four regions Geostat names, 1990, 1995 and 2000–2024. Water: water put into the pipes and lost on the way, and the people with piped water, sewers and wastewater treatment, 2015–2025. Waste: municipal waste taken to landfills in Georgia and each region, with a map, 2015–2024. Forests: timber cut and illegal logging found in Georgia, each region and protected areas, with a map, 2010–2024, and forest and field fires, 2013–2024. In all, 2,125 values in 195 series; Fiscal.ge calculates none of them.

Geostat publishes every table, on its Environmental indicators, Environment statistics and Forest resources pages, and each table names where its figures come from. Greenhouse gases, air pollution and city air quality: “Source: Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia.” Temperature and rain: “Source: The World Bank's Climate Change Knowledge Portal”. Water: “Source: Survey of Water Supply Enterprises (Geostat).” Waste: the waste management companies the table lists, LTD Tbilservice Group, LTD Solid Waste Management Company of Georgia, LLC Sandasuftaveba, NNLE Kobuletis Sandasuftaveba, LTD Keda Komunalurservice and NNLE Khulo Municipal Service. Forests: the Ministry, with LEPL Forestry Agency of Adjara, LEPL Agency of Protected Areas and LEPL National Forestry Agency; for illegal logging, the Department of Environmental Supervision in place of the National Forestry Agency. Fiscal.ge reads its values from 13 of these workbooks.

Every value is the figure Geostat’s table prints. Geostat often stores more decimals in a cell than the table shows; the pages, tables and Excel downloads show the printed figure, which is the stored number rounded to the decimals the table shows. Greenhouse gases in 2018, for example, are stored as 17.66 and printed, and shown, as 17.7 million tonnes. The checks of parts against totals use the stored numbers. Where Geostat’s parts and totals differ because of its own rounding, the difference is recorded and the figures are left as published: by up to 0.15 for greenhouse gases, air pollutants, water and waste, and by up to 2 m³ for timber and illegal logging. Geostat’s timber, illegal logging and household water tables note: “The discrepancy between the totals and the sum in some cases can be explained by using rounded data.” Nothing is recalculated, estimated or filled in.

Geostat gives greenhouse gases in CO₂ equivalents, one scale on which all the gases add up to one total. The total on the page is Geostat’s aggregated emissions, without land use. Geostat’s sector row “Land use and forestry” is negative, a net removal: forests and land absorbed 5.8 million tonnes in 2022. The page shows it as Forests and land, and the total after it is Geostat’s aggregated emissions including land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF): 14.3 million tonnes in 2022, against 20.1 million without it. Geostat also prints a separate LULUCF row, which differs from the sector row in the second decimal; the sector row is the one shown. HFCs and SF₆ are in thousand tonnes, the other gases and the sectors in million tonnes, and emissions per person in tonnes, as Geostat publishes them (5.4 tonnes per person in 2022). Solvent and other product use and PFCs are “…” in every year and are not listed. For more information, Geostat’s table points to the “Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2006 year)”.

Air pollution is the quantity of each pollutant released into the air in the year, in thousand tonnes. Each of the eight pollutants has a total and two parts: Geostat’s “from stationary sources”, shown as From factories, power plants and homes, and its “from mobile sources”, shown as From vehicles. The two parts add up to the total within Geostat’s rounding. The page lists carbon monoxide first; Geostat’s table starts with sulphur dioxide. Geostat’s percentage rows are not listed, because they are the two parts divided by the total. Hydrocarbons are “…” in every year and are not listed; the other pollutants, such as heavy metals and dioxins, are given in tonnes, kilograms or grams and are not shown. In 2024, 86.4 thousand tonnes of carbon monoxide were released, 46.2 thousand tonnes of it from mobile sources.

City air quality comes from the Ministry’s monitoring stations: 15 automatic stations in 8 cities and Zestaponi’s manual one. Each city has its own page, and its stations are named by street or place, as Geostat names them. Tbilisi’s first three stations have values from 2017, Kutaisi’s and Batumi’s first stations from 2018, and Rustavi’s first station and Tbilisi’s Agmashenebeli Avenue station from 2019; the other eight stations publish 2024 and 2025 only. A yearly average is Geostat’s “Annual average concentration”, and the days over the daily limit are its “Number of days with exceeded daily limit value” for PM10. The yearly limit is Geostat’s “Annual average limit value”: 40 µg/m³ for PM10 and for nitrogen dioxide, and for PM2.5 25 µg/m³ until 2019 and 20 µg/m³ from 2020. Every station of a city prints the same limits, and the check requires it. A city page shows each limit once, as a grey dashed line, and only in the years in which at least one of the city’s stations has a yearly average for that pollutant, so the line does not reach back before the measurements. Four cells carry a footnote mark and are shown as the number. At Agmashenebeli Avenue in 2019, PM10 “47*”, nitrogen dioxide “36*” and PM10 days “83*”, with Geostat’s note: “* The station has been operational since May 2019 and data in the relevant cells reflect only May-December period in 2019.” At Kutaisi’s Asatiani Street station in 2019, nitrogen dioxide “46*”, with the note: “* Measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were carried out in the period of August-December in 2019.”

Zestaponi’s station on Chikashua Street is Geostat’s one non-automatic station, and it measures other things: all dust (TSP), sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and manganese dioxide, each as a yearly average, from 2005 where Geostat publishes a value. Sulphur dioxide and manganese dioxide end in 2023. Geostat prints only one-time and daily limits for this station and no yearly limit, so the Zestaponi page has no limit line, and its figures are not comparable with the other cities’ stations. Geostat’s note: “**** Sampling methodology at Zestaponi non-automatic station can provide neigther daily avarage concentrations of the pollutants nor the number of exceedances of the relevant limit values.” The page selects dust on arrival.

Temperature and rain come from the World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal, as Geostat publishes them. Geostat’s two tables print 1990, 1995 and then every year from 2000, so 1991–1994 and 1996–1999 have no values, and 1990 and 1995 show as single points. Each table has four blocks: Georgia, Tbilisi and two regions that Geostat names in the block titles. They are chosen by their 1961–1990 averages, so they are the same in every year: “The region with the maximum average temperature 1961-1990 (except for Tbilisi): Guria”, “The region with the minimum average temperature 1961-1990: Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti”, “Region with the maximum average precipitation 1961-1990: Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti” and “Region with the minimum average precipitation 1961-1990: Kvemo Kartli”. The pages give those rows the region’s name, for example Guria (warmest region). The difference from the 1961–1990 average is Geostat’s own row, in °C. The 1961–1990 averages are one figure each and are not drawn: 8.4°C for Georgia, 11.7°C for Tbilisi, 11.1°C for Guria and 4.5°C for Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti; 1,068 mm of rain and snow for Georgia, 632 mm for Tbilisi, 1,493 mm for Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti and 672 mm for Kvemo Kartli. Geostat’s precipitation deviation rows, which are ratios, and its monthly highs and lows are not shown. Georgia averaged 10.3°C in 2024, 1.9°C above its 1961–1990 average.

The water figures come from Geostat’s survey of water supply enterprises. Put into the pipes is Geostat’s “Gross volume of water supplied by water supply industry”, Lost on the way its “Losses during transport” and Reached users its “Net volume of water supplied by water supply industry”. The share lost is Geostat’s published percentage: 64.4% in 2025, when 559.9 of 869.1 million m³ were lost. Household use per person is Geostat’s total household water use per capita, including households that supply themselves, with its note: “*Does not include volume of water used by enterprise employees for personal needs, outside the households.” Leakages, evaporation, burst mains and meter errors are “…” in every year. Geostat also splits the people connected to wastewater treatment into primary (mechanical), secondary (biological) and tertiary (advanced) treatment. In 2019 most of them moved from primary to tertiary treatment: primary fell from 1.15 million people in 2018 to 0.02 million, and tertiary rose from 0.01 million to 1.15 million, while all people connected to treatment went from 1.34 to 1.36 million. The table gives no note on the change. Because a move of that size in one year is unexplained, the split is kept in the data file and not listed; the total connected to treatment is listed.

Waste is Geostat’s “Amount of municipal waste disposed in landfills from the regions”, in thousand tonnes, for Georgia and each of the 11 regions; the regions add up to Georgia in every year. The figures come from the waste management companies the table lists (see Where do the figures come from?). Per person is Geostat’s “Municipal waste generation per capita”, in kilograms, for Georgia only, using the population at the end of the year (“* Population by December 31”): 319.6 kg in 2024, against 207.8 kg in 2015.

Timber cut is Geostat’s “Volume of felled timber” and Illegal logging found its “Illegal logging”, both in cubic metres, for Georgia, the regions and protected areas. The regions and protected areas add up to Georgia within 2 m³, which Geostat’s note puts down to rounding. Tbilisi has no timber figure: Geostat prints “...” for it in every year. The Forests map therefore draws Tbilisi without a value or a rank, and Tbilisi’s page lists illegal logging only. Illegal logging is also “...” for Tbilisi in 2012–2018, and protected areas have no figure in either table for 2010–2012; those years are gaps. Fires are Geostat’s “Number of fire cases” and “Area covered by fire”, in hectares, for Georgia as a whole, 2013–2024. In 2024, 376,215 m³ of timber were cut, against 876,749 m³ in 2010.

Waste and forests are shown for the site’s 11 regions, the same as on the Business and Housing pages: Tbilisi, Adjara, Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Kvemo Kartli and Shida Kartli. Geostat’s waste and forest tables print these same 11 regions, so each region’s row is taken as printed and nothing is regrouped. Protected areas are a separate row of the forest tables, not a region: they are listed on the Georgia page and are not on the map. The climate tables’ named regions are rows of those tables and are not mapped either.

A missing value is a gap in the chart, a dash in the table and an empty cell in Excel, never zero. Geostat’s “…”, “...” and “-” cells carry no value. The one exception is the illegal logging table, whose legend reads “"-" Magnitude nil.”: there “-” is zero and is shown as 0, in six cells (Guria in 2011, Imereti in 2010, Mtskheta-Mtianeti in 2010 and 2011, and Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti in 2010 and 2011). In the city air quality table, the English legend reads “- Data is not available.”, while the Georgian version’s legend says the event does not exist; Fiscal.ge follows the English legend and shows a gap. A printed 0 is a value, for example HFCs in 2001. A number printed with a footnote mark, such as “47*”, is shown as the number. Nothing is estimated or filled in.

The pages describe the figures and state no causes or explanations for their changes, and they compare Georgia with no other country. Fiscal.ge creates no shares, growth figures or forecasts. Not shown: Geostat’s energy tables on these pages (the Energy and food pages cover energy), ozone-depleting substances, fertiliser and pesticide use, protected areas and their visitors, water quality, violations of environmental law, forest area, timber by cutting purpose, the older table of air pollution from stationary sources, the highest daily and hourly concentrations, sulphur dioxide, ozone and carbon monoxide at the automatic stations, and the rows per person (for air pollutants), per square kilometre and per unit of GDP. Those tables are kept with the original sources. Geostat’s transport tables H-1 to H-4 are not part of these pages.

2,125 values in 195 series are published. Each is read again from its cell in Geostat’s original workbook and compared with the stored value, the printed row label, the block heading, the printed unit and the year heading, and the original files are checked against their recorded fingerprints. A second program, written separately, reads every workbook again and must find the same values. It also compares every served cell with the Georgian workbooks, where one cell differs: the PM2.5 average at Rustavi’s Megobroba Avenue station for 2025 is 21.7 in the English table and 22 in the Georgian one, and the English value is shown. The checks also require, within Geostat’s rounding: the four sectors to add up to the greenhouse gas total, the three energy rows to energy, the gases to the total, and the total plus forests and land to the total after them; stationary and mobile sources to add up to each pollutant’s total; losses and the net volume to add up to the water put into the pipes; the 11 regions to add up to Georgia’s waste; the regions and protected areas to add up to Georgia’s timber cut and illegal logging; and every station of a city to print the same yearly limits. Fixed values are compared too: greenhouse gases of 11.4 million tonnes in 2000 and 20.1 million in 2022 and 5.4 tonnes per person in 2022, carbon monoxide of 86.4 thousand tonnes in 2024, PM10 of 31 µg/m³ at Varketili and 51 µg/m³ at Rustavi’s Batumi Street station in 2025, Georgia’s temperature of 10.3°C in 2024, water lost of 559.9 million m³ and 64.4% in 2025, waste of 1,184 thousand tonnes in 2024, timber cut of 376,215 m³ in 2024 and illegal logging of 45,915 m³ in 2014.

46 originals from Geostat, retrieved on 20 October 2026, are available: the 13 English workbooks that supply the values on the pages, their 13 Georgian versions, 14 workbooks kept for reference, and captures of Geostat’s Environmental indicators, Environment statistics and Forest resources pages in both languages. The Georgian versions are kept for their Georgian labels; no value is read from them or from the reference workbooks. HTML pages download as text files. Excel follows the selected series and years and lists their source files.